Merge pull request 'string_impl' (#2) from string_impl into master

Reviewed-on: #2

Makefile

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ BENCH_OBJ_DIR = bench_obj
 
 TESTS_SRC = tests
 
-TARGET = usage
 TEST_V_TARGET = test_vector
 TEST_M_TARGET = test_map
 TEST_B_TARGET = test_bigint
@@ -21,16 +20,12 @@ TEST_S_TARGET = test_string
 BENCH_TARGET = benchmark_datum
 
 LIB_OBJS = $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o $(OBJ_DIR)/map.o $(OBJ_DIR)/bigint.o $(OBJ_DIR)/string.o
-PROG_OBJS = $(OBJ_DIR)/usage.o
 
-.PHONY: all clean
+.PHONY: all clean examples
 
-all: $(TARGET) $(TEST_V_TARGET) $(TEST_M_TARGET) $(TEST_B_TARGET) $(TEST_S_TARGET) $(BENCH_TARGET)
+all: $(TEST_V_TARGET) $(TEST_M_TARGET) $(TEST_B_TARGET) $(TEST_S_TARGET) $(BENCH_TARGET) examples
 bench: $(BENCH_TARGET)
 
-$(TARGET): $(PROG_OBJS) $(LIB_OBJS)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
-
 $(TEST_V_TARGET): $(OBJ_DIR)/test_vector.o $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
 
@@ -43,10 +38,10 @@ $(TEST_B_TARGET): $(OBJ_DIR)/test_bigint.o $(OBJ_DIR)/bigint.o $(OBJ_DIR)/vector
 $(TEST_S_TARGET): $(OBJ_DIR)/test_string.o $(OBJ_DIR)/string.o
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
 
-$(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c | $(OBJ_DIR)
+examples: $(LIB_OBJS)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
+	$(MAKE) -C examples
 
-$(OBJ_DIR)/usage.o: usage.c | $(OBJ_DIR)
+$(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c | $(OBJ_DIR)
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
 
 $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(TESTS_SRC)/%.c | $(OBJ_DIR)
@@ -56,7 +51,7 @@ $(OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
 
 # Benchmark rules
-$(BENCH_TARGET): $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/bench.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/vector.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/map.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/string.o
+$(BENCH_TARGET): $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/bench.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/vector.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/map.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/bigint.o $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/string.o
 	$(CC) $(BENCH_FLAGS) -o $@ $^
 
 $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c | $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)
@@ -69,4 +64,5 @@ $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR)
 
 clean:
-	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR) $(TARGET) $(TEST_V_TARGET) $(TEST_M_TARGET) $(TEST_B_TARGET) $(TEST_S_TARGET) $(BENCH_TARGET)
+	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) $(BENCH_OBJ_DIR) $(TEST_V_TARGET) $(TEST_M_TARGET) $(TEST_B_TARGET) $(TEST_S_TARGET) $(BENCH_TARGET)
+	$(MAKE) -C examples clean

README.md

@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@
 
 ![](https://git.marcocetica.com/marco/datum/actions/workflows/gcc-build.yml/badge.svg)
 ![](https://git.marcocetica.com/marco/datum/actions/workflows/clang-build.yml/badge.svg)
-
 </div>
 
 Datum is a collection of dynamic and generic data structures implemented from scratch in C with no external dependencies beyond
 the standard library. It currently features:
 
 - [**Vector**](/docs/vector.md): a growable, contiguous array of homogenous generic data types;  
-- [**Map**](/docs/map.md): an associative array that handles generic heterogenous data types;  
+- [**Map**](/docs/map.md): an associative array of generic heterogenous data types;  
 - [**BigInt**](/docs/bigint.md): a data type for arbitrary large integers;  
-- [**String**](/docs/string.md): an immutable string type with partial UTF-8 support.  
+- [**String**](/docs/string.md): an immutable, null-terminated string type with partial UTF-8 support.
 
 ## Usage
 At its simplest, you can use this library as follows:
@@ -112,9 +111,9 @@ int main(void) {
 #include "src/bigint.h"
 
 /*
- * Compile with: gcc -O3 main.c src/bigint.c src/vector.c
+ * Compile with: clang -O3 fact.c src/bigint.c src/vector.c -o fact
  * Output: 20000! = 1819206320230345134827641...
- * Time: 4.01s user 0.00s system 99% cpu 4.021 total
+ * Time: 1.49s user 0.00s system 99% cpu 1.501 total
  */
 int main(void) {
     const int n = 20000;
@@ -136,8 +135,7 @@ int main(void) {
 }
 ```
 
-
+### `String` usage
-### `String` usage:
 ```c
 #include <stdio.h>
 
@@ -169,22 +167,12 @@ int main(void) {
 }
 ```
 
-For a more exhaustive example, refer to the `usage.c` file. There, you will find a program with proper error management
+For additional usage samples, refer to the [`examples/`](/examples) directory. You can compile these example programs with the following command:
-and a sample usage for every available method. To run it, first issue the following command:
 
 ```sh
 $ make clean all
 ```
 
-This will compile the library as well as the `usage.c` file, the unit tests and the benchmark. After that, you can run it by typing `./usage`.
-
-> [!NOTE]
-> This project is primarily developed for learning purposes and was not created with industrial
-> or production use in mind. As such, it is not intended to compete with any existing C library.
-> In particular, the big number implementation does not aim to match the design, the maturity and
-> the performance of established solutions such as the
-> GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP).
-
 ## Documentation
 For additional details about this library (internal design, memory management, data ownership, etc.) go to the [docs folder](/docs).
 
@@ -199,14 +187,16 @@ $ ./test_bigint
 ```
 
 ## Benchmark
-Under the [`benchmark/`](/benchmark/) folder, you can find a simple benchmark program that stress the `Vector`, `Map` and the `String` data structures. 
+Under the [`benchmark/`](/benchmark/) folder, you can find a very simple benchmark program that stress the data structures. 
 You can run it by issuing the following command:
 
 ```sh
+$ make clean all CC=clang
 $ ./benchmark_datum
-Computing Vector average time...average time: 19 ms
+Computing Vector average time...average time: 6 ms
-Computing Map average time...average time: 55 ms
+Computing Map average time...average time: 49 ms
-Computing String average time...average time: 24 ms
+Computing BigInt average time...average time: 67 ms
+Computing String average time...average time: 13 ms
 ```
 
 

benchmark/benchmark.c

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
-
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <time.h>
@@ -8,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "../src/vector.h"
 #include "../src/map.h"
+#include "../src/bigint.h"
 #include "../src/string.h"
 
 typedef void (*test_fn_t)(size_t iterations);
@@ -16,10 +15,10 @@ void test_vector(size_t iterations) {
     vector_t *vec = vector_new(16, sizeof(int)).value.vector;
 
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < iterations; idx++) { 
-        vector_push(vec, &(int){idx});
+        vector_push(vec, &idx); 
     }
 
-    volatile uint64_t sum = 0;
+    volatile uint64_t sum = 0; // prevent the compiler from optimizing away the sum
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < iterations; idx++) {
         const int *val = (int*)vector_get(vec, idx).value.element;
         sum += *val;
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ void test_map(size_t iterations) {
         map_add(map, key, (void*)value);
     }
 
-    volatile uint64_t sum = 0;
+    volatile uint64_t sum = 0; // prevent the compiler from optimizing away the sum
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < iterations; idx++) {
         snprintf(key, sizeof(key), "key_%zu", idx);
 
@@ -62,6 +61,62 @@ void test_map(size_t iterations) {
     map_destroy(map);
 }
 
+void test_bigint(size_t iterations) {
+    volatile uint64_t accumulator = 0;
+
+    for (size_t idx = 1; idx <= iterations; idx++) {
+        long long a_val = (long long)idx * 123456789LL;
+        long long b_val = (long long)idx * 17777LL;
+
+        bigint_result_t a_res = bigint_from_int(a_val);
+        bigint_result_t b_res = bigint_from_int(b_val);
+
+        if (a_res.status != BIGINT_OK || b_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+            bigint_destroy(a_res.value.number);
+            bigint_destroy(b_res.value.number);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        bigint_t *a = a_res.value.number;
+        bigint_t *b = b_res.value.number;
+
+        // Addition
+        bigint_result_t add_res = bigint_add(a, b);
+        if (add_res.status == BIGINT_OK) {
+            vector_result_t v = vector_get(add_res.value.number->digits, 0);
+            if (v.status == VECTOR_OK) { accumulator += *(int *)v.value.element; }
+            bigint_destroy(add_res.value.number);
+        }
+
+        // Substraction
+        bigint_result_t sub_res = bigint_sub(a, b);
+        if (sub_res.status == BIGINT_OK) {
+            vector_result_t v = vector_get(sub_res.value.number->digits, 0);
+            if (v.status == VECTOR_OK) { accumulator += *(int *)v.value.element; }
+            bigint_destroy(sub_res.value.number);
+        }
+
+        // Multiplication
+        bigint_result_t mul_res = bigint_prod(a, b);
+        if (mul_res.status == BIGINT_OK) {
+            vector_result_t v = vector_get(mul_res.value.number->digits, 0);
+            if (v.status == VECTOR_OK) { accumulator += *(int *)v.value.element; }
+            bigint_destroy(mul_res.value.number);
+        }
+
+        // Division
+        bigint_result_t div_res = bigint_divmod(a, b);
+        if (div_res.status == BIGINT_OK) {
+            vector_result_t v = vector_get(div_res.value.division.quotient->digits, 0);
+            if (v.status == VECTOR_OK) { accumulator += *(int *)v.value.element; }
+            bigint_destroy(div_res.value.division.quotient);
+            bigint_destroy(div_res.value.division.remainder);
+        }
+
+        bigint_destroy(a); bigint_destroy(b);
+    }
+}
+
 void test_string(size_t iterations) {
     volatile size_t total_len = 0;
 
@@ -112,7 +167,7 @@ int main(void) {
     // Do a warmup run
     test_vector(1000);
     test_map(1000);
-    test_string(1000);
+    test_bigint(1000);
 
     printf("Computing Vector average time...");
     fflush(stdout);
@@ -122,6 +177,10 @@ int main(void) {
     fflush(stdout);
     printf("average time: %lld ms\n", benchmark(test_map, 1e5, 30));
 
+    printf("Computing BigInt average time...");
+    fflush(stdout);
+    printf("average time: %lld ms\n", benchmark(test_bigint, 1e5, 30));
+
     printf("Computing String average time...");
     fflush(stdout);
     printf("average time: %lld ms\n", benchmark(test_string, 1e5, 30));

docs/bigint.md

@@ -33,17 +33,18 @@ and the boolean `is_negative` variable denotes its sign.
 
 The `BigInt` data structure supports the following methods:
 
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_from_int(value)`: create a big integer from a primitive `int` type;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_from_int(value)`: creates a big integer from a primitive `int` type;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_from_string(string_num)`: create a big integer from a C string;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_from_string(string_num)`: creates a big integer from a C string;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_to_string(number)`: convert a big integer to a C string;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_to_string(number)`: converts a big integer to a C string;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_clone(number)`:  clone a big integer;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_clone(number)`:  clones a big integer;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_compare(x, y)`: compare two big integers, returning either `-1`, `0` or `1` if the first is less than, equal than or greater than the second, respectively;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_compare(x, y)`: compares two big integers, returning either `-1`, `0` or `1` if the first is less than, equal than or greater than the second, respectively;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_add(x, y)`: add two big integers together in $\mathcal{O}(n)$;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_add(x, y)`: adds two big integers together in $\mathcal{O}(n)$;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_sub(x, y)`: subtract two big integers in $\mathcal{O}(n)$;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_sub(x, y)`: subtracts two big integers in $\mathcal{O}(n)$;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_prod(x, y)`: multiply two big integers using Karatsuba's algorithm in $\mathcal{O}(n^{1.585})$;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_prod(x, y)`: multiplies two big integers using Karatsuba's algorithm in $\mathcal{O}(n^{1.585})$;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(x, y)`: divide two big integers using *long division* algorithm in $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$, returning both the quotient and the remainder;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(x, y)`: divides two big integers using _Knuth's Algorithm D_ in $\mathcal{O}(n \times m)$ where $n$ and $m$ are the number of base-10^9 
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_mod(x, y)`: computes modulo of two big integers using *long division* algorithm in $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$;  
+parts/limbs in the divisor and the quotient, respectively. This method returns both the quotient and the remainder;  
-- `bigint_result_t bigint_destroy(number)`: delete the big number;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_mod(x, y)`: calls `bigint_divmod`, discards the quotient and yields the remainder;  
+- `bigint_result_t bigint_destroy(number)`: deletes the big number;  
 - `bigint_result_t bigint_printf(format, ...)`: `printf` wrapper that introduces the `%B` placeholder to print big numbers. It supports variadic parameters.
 
 As you can see from the previous function signatures, methods that operate on the
@@ -79,8 +80,6 @@ Each method that returns such type indicates whether the operation was successfu
 by setting the `status` field and by providing a descriptive message on the `message`
 field. If the operation was successful (that is, `status == BIGINT_OK`), you can either
 move on with the rest of the program or read the returned value from the sum data type.
-Of course, you can choose to ignore the return value (if you're brave enough :D) as 
-illustrated on the first part of the README.
 
 The sum data type (i.e., the `value` union) defines four different variables. Each
 of them has an unique scope as described below:
@@ -90,12 +89,3 @@ of them has an unique scope as described below:
 - `compare_status`: result of `bigint_compare`;  
 - `string_num`: result of `bigint_to_string`.
 
-
-> [!IMPORTANT]
-> Currently, the division implementation employs a quadratic-time algorithm derived from the conventional _"grade school"_ long-division method.
-> This approach performs adequately for integers of modest size (up to approximately 200 digits) but becomes highly inefficient when handling
-> substantially larger integers (~1500 digits).
->
-> Improving the efficiency of this algorithm would require further research into advanced
-> numerical algorithms, which is something that I currently not inclined to pursue.
-

docs/map.md

@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ free them before removing the keys or destroying the map.
 
 The `Map` data structure supports the following methods:
 
-- `map_result_t map_new()`: initialize a new map;  
+- `map_result_t map_new()`: initializes a new map;  
-- `map_result_t map_add(map, key, value)`: add a `(key, value)` pair to the map;  
+- `map_result_t map_add(map, key, value)`: adds a `(key, value)` pair to the map;  
-- `map_result_t map_get(map, key)`: retrieve a values indexed by `key` if it exists;  
+- `map_result_t map_get(map, key)`: retrieves a values indexed by `key` if it exists;  
-- `map_result_t map_remove(map, key)`: remove a key from the map if it exists;  
+- `map_result_t map_remove(map, key)`: removes a key from the map if it exists;  
-- `map_result_t map_clear(map)`: reset the map state;  
+- `map_result_t map_clear(map)`: resets the map state;  
-- `map_result_t map_destroy(map)`: delete the map;  
+- `map_result_t map_destroy(map)`: deletes the map;  
 - `size_t map_size(map)`: returns map size (i.e., the number of elements);  
 - `size_t map_capacity(map)`: returns map capacity (i.e., map total size).
 
@@ -72,5 +72,4 @@ typedef struct {
 Each method that returns such type indicates whether the operation was successful or not by setting
 the `status` field and by providing a descriptive message on the `message` field. If the operation was
 successful (that is, `status == MAP_OK`), you can either move on with the rest of the program or read
-the returned value from the sum data type. Of course, you can choose to ignore the return value (if you're brave enough :D) as illustrated
+the returned value from the sum data type.
-on the first part of the README.

docs/string.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # String Technical Details
-In this document you can find a quick overview of the technical 
+In this document you can find a quick overview of the technical aspects (internal design, memory layout, etc.) of the `String` data structure.
-aspects (internal design, memory layout, etc.) of the `String` data structure.
 
-`String` is an immutable string data type with partial UTF-8 support.
+`String` is an immutable, null-terminated string data type with partial UTF-8 support.
 This means that methods return a new string instance rather than modifying the string in-place.
 Internally, this data structure is represented by the following layout:
 
@@ -15,22 +14,14 @@ typedef struct {
 } string_t;
 ```
 
-where the `data` variable represents the actual string (represented as a pointer to `char`),
+where the `data` field represent the actual string, `byte_size`
-the `byte_size` variable indicates the actual size (in bytes) of the string, the
+indicates the actual size (in bytes), `byte_capacity` represents the total number
-`byte_capacity` variable represents the total number of allocated memory (in bytes) and the
+of allocated memory (in bytes) and `char_count` represents the number of symbols.
-`char_count` variable represent the number of logical characters, that is the number of
-symbols.
 
-As mentioned earlier, this library provides partial UTF-8 support. It is able to recognize
+As mentioned earlier, this data type provides partial UTF-8 support. It is able
-UTF-8 byte sequences as individual Unicode code points, which allows it to correctly distinguish
+to recognize UTF-8 byte sequences as individual Unicode code points and has
-between byte length and character count. It fully supports Unicode symbols and emojis, while
+full support for Unicode symbols such as emojis. However, it does not support
-remaining backward compatible with ASCII strings.
+localization. In particular, it does not perform local-aware conversions. For instance, uppercase/lowercase transformations are limited to ASCII characters only. As a result, the German scharfes S (`ß`) is not convert to `SS`, the Spanish `Ñ` is not converted to `ñ` and the Italian `é` (and its variants) is not treated as a single symbol but rather as a base letter combined with an accent. 
-
-However, this data structure does not support localization. In particular, it does not perform
-locale-aware conversion; for instance, uppercase/lowercase transformations are limited to ASCII
-characters only. As a result, the German scharfes S (`ß`) is not convert to `SS`, the Spanish
-`Ñ` is not converted to `ñ` and the Italian `é` (and its variants) is not treated as a single
-symbol, but rather as a base letter combined with an accent.
 
 At the time being, `String` supports the following methods:
 
@@ -67,11 +58,11 @@ typedef struct {
     string_status_t status;
     uint8_t message[RESULT_MSG_SIZE];
     union {
-        string_t *string; // For new, clone, slice, reverse, trim
+        string_t *string;
-        char *symbol; // For get_at
+        char *symbol;
-        int64_t idx; // For contains
+        int64_t idx;
-        bool is_equ; // For comparison
+        bool is_equ;
-        struct { // For split
+        struct {
             string_t **strings;
             size_t count;
         } split;
@@ -83,8 +74,6 @@ Each method that returns such type indicates whether the operation was successfu
 by setting the `status` field and by providing a descriptive message on the `message`
 field. If the operation was successful (that is, `status == STRING_OK`) you can either
 move on with the rest of your program or read the returned value from the sum data type.
-Of course, you can choose to ignore the return value (if you're brave enough :D) as illustrated
-on the first part of the README.
 
 The sum data type (i.e., the `value` union) defines five different variables.
 Each of them has an unique scope as described below:

docs/vector.md

@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ deletion.
 
 At the time being, `Vector` supports the following methods:
 
-- `vector_result_t vector_new(size, data_size)`: create a new vector;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_new(size, data_size)`: creates a new vector;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_push(vector, value)`: add a new value to the vector;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_push(vector, value)`: adds a new value to the vector;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_set(vector, index, value)`: update the value of a given index if it exists;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_set(vector, index, value)`: updates the value of a given index if it exists;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_get(vector, index)`: return the value indexed by `index` if it exists;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_get(vector, index)`: returns the value indexed by `index` if it exists;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_sort(vector, cmp)`: sort vector using `cmp` function;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_sort(vector, cmp)`: sorts vector using `cmp` function;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_pop(vector)`: pop last element from the vector following the LIFO policy;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_pop(vector)`: pops last element from the vector following the LIFO policy;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_map(vector, callback, env)`: apply `callback` function to vector (in-place);  
+- `vector_result_t vector_map(vector, callback, env)`: applies `callback` function to vector (in-place);  
-- `vector_result_t vector_filter(vector, callback, env)`: filter vector using `callback` (in-place);  
+- `vector_result_t vector_filter(vector, callback, env)`: filters vector using `callback` (in-place);  
-- `vector_result_t vector_reduce(vector, accumulator, callback, env)`: fold/reduce vector using `callback`;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_reduce(vector, accumulator, callback, env)`: folds/reduces vector using `callback`;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_clear(vector)`: logically reset the vector. That is, new pushes will overwrite the memory;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_clear(vector)`: resets the vector logically. That is, new pushes will overwrite the memory;  
-- `vector_result_t vector_destroy(vector)`: delete the vector;  
+- `vector_result_t vector_destroy(vector)`: deletes the vector;  
-- `size_t vector_size(vector)`: return vector size (i.e., the number of elements);  
+- `size_t vector_size(vector)`: returns vector size (i.e., the number of elements);  
-- `size_t vector_capacity(vector)`: return vector capacity (i.e., vector total size).
+- `size_t vector_capacity(vector)`: returns vector capacity (i.e., vector total size).
 
 As you can see from the previous function signatures, most methods that operate
 on the `Vector` data type return a custom type called `vector_result_t` which is
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ typedef struct {
 Each method that returns such type indicates whether the operation was successful or not
 by setting the `status` field and by providing a descriptive message on the `message`
 field. If the operation was successful (that is, `status == VECTOR_OK`), you can either
-move on with the rest of the program or read the returned value from the sum data type. Of course, you can choose to 
+move on with the rest of the program or read the returned value from the sum data type.
-ignore the return value (if you're brave enough :D) as illustrated on the first part of the README.
 
 ## Functional methods
 `Vector` provides three functional methods called `map`, `filter` and `reduce` which allow the caller to apply a computation to the vector,

examples/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+CC = gcc
+CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -fstack-protector-strong \
+	-fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined -fstack-clash-protection \
+	-Wwrite-strings -g -std=c99
+
+SRC_DIR = ../src
+OBJ_DIR = ../obj
+
+TARGETS = vector_basic vector_sorting vector_functional map_basic bigint_operations string_basic string_advanced
+
+.PHONY: all clean
+
+all: $(TARGETS)
+
+vector_basic: vector_basic.c $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+vector_sorting: vector_sorting.c $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+vector_functional: vector_functional.c $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+map_basic: map_basic.c $(OBJ_DIR)/map.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+bigint_operations: bigint_operations.c $(OBJ_DIR)/bigint.o $(OBJ_DIR)/vector.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+string_basic: string_basic.c $(OBJ_DIR)/string.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+string_advanced: string_advanced.c $(OBJ_DIR)/string.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $^
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(TARGETS)

examples/bigint_operations.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Bigint operations example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "../src/bigint.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    const char *x_origin = "8036732204560262312865077650774313136023641621894661847778962273940232785242208265819059749867858355";
+    const char *y_origin = "7078840479830524979114102683681365071561983635405714511439038016617918064981439736383067887133445937";
+    const size_t x_len = strlen(x_origin);
+    const size_t y_len = strlen(y_origin);
+    const size_t large_x_size = x_len * 100 + 1;
+    const size_t large_y_size = y_len * 100 + 1;
+
+    char *large_x = malloc(large_x_size);
+    char *large_y = malloc(large_y_size);
+
+    if (large_x == NULL || large_y == NULL) {
+        printf("Error while allocating memory for strings\n");
+        free(large_x);
+        free(large_y);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    large_x[0] = '\0';
+    large_y[0] = '\0';
+
+    // Concatenate 100 times
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < 100; idx++) {
+        strcat(large_x, x_origin);
+        strcat(large_y, y_origin);
+    }
+
+    // Create two big integers from previous strings
+    bigint_result_t x_res = bigint_from_string(large_x);
+    if (x_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating big number: %s\n", x_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_result_t y_res = bigint_from_string(large_y);
+    if (x_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating big number: %s\n", x_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_t *x = x_res.value.number;
+    bigint_t *y = y_res.value.number;
+
+    // Sum two big integers
+    bigint_result_t sum_res = bigint_add(x, y);
+    if (sum_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while summing two big numbers: %s\n", sum_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_t *sum = sum_res.value.number;
+
+    // Print result
+    bigint_printf("Sum result = %B\n", sum);
+
+    // Subtract two big integers
+    bigint_result_t diff_res = bigint_sub(x, y);
+    if (diff_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while subtracting two big numbers: %s\n", diff_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_t *diff = diff_res.value.number;
+
+    // Print result
+    bigint_printf("difference result = %B\n", diff);
+
+    // Multiply two big integers
+    bigint_result_t prod_res = bigint_prod(x, y);
+    if (prod_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while multiplying two big numbers: %s\n", prod_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_t *prod = prod_res.value.number;
+
+    // Print result
+    bigint_printf("multiplication result = %B\n", prod);
+
+    bigint_t *a = bigint_from_string(large_x).value.number;
+    bigint_t *b = bigint_from_string(y_origin).value.number;
+
+    // Divide two big integers
+    bigint_result_t div_res = bigint_divmod(a, b);
+    if (div_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
+        printf("Error while dividing two big numbers: %s\n", div_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    bigint_t *quotient = div_res.value.division.quotient;
+    bigint_t *remainder = div_res.value.division.remainder;
+
+    // Print result
+    bigint_printf(
+    "division result = %B\
+    \nmod result = %B\n",
+        quotient, remainder);
+
+    // Destroy big numbers and strings
+    bigint_destroy(x); bigint_destroy(y);
+    bigint_destroy(a); bigint_destroy(b);
+    bigint_destroy(sum); bigint_destroy(diff);
+    bigint_destroy(prod); bigint_destroy(quotient); bigint_destroy(remainder);
+    free(large_x); free(large_y);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

examples/map_basic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*
+ * Basic map operations example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/map.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a new map
+    map_result_t res = map_new();
+    if (res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating map: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    map_t *map = res.value.map;
+
+    // Add some values
+    const int x = 0xB00B5;
+    const char *y = "Hello";
+
+    map_result_t add_res = map_add(map, "x", (void*)&x);
+    if (add_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    add_res = map_add(map, "y", (void*)y);
+    if (add_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // Print size and capacity
+    printf("Map size (should be 2): %zu\n", map_size(map));
+    printf("Map capacity (should be > 2): %zu\n\n", map_capacity(map));
+
+    // Retrieve keys
+    map_result_t get_res = map_get(map, "x");
+    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'x': %s\n", get_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        const int *val = (const int*)get_res.value.element;
+        printf("Key 'x' contains (should be 'B00B5'): %X\n", *val);
+    }
+
+    get_res = map_get(map, "y");
+    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'y': %s\n", get_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        const char *val = (const char*)get_res.value.element;
+        printf("Key 'y' contains (should be 'Hello') : %s\n\n", val);
+    }
+
+    // Update key
+    const int new_x = 0xC0FFEE;
+    map_result_t up_res = map_add(map, "x", (void*)&new_x);
+
+    up_res = map_get(map, "x");
+    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'x': %s\n", get_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        const int *val = (const int*)up_res.value.element;
+        printf("Key 'x' (should be updated to 'C0FFEE'): %X\n\n", *val);
+    }
+
+    // Remove an element
+    map_result_t rm_res = map_remove(map, "y");
+    if (rm_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot remove map element 'y': %s\n", rm_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        printf("Map element 'y' removed (size should be 1): %zu\n\n", map_size(map));
+    }
+
+    // Clear the map
+    map_result_t clear_res = map_clear(map);
+    if (clear_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot clear map: %s\n", clear_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        printf("Map cleared (size should be 0): %zu\n", map_size(map));
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // Delete the map
+    map_result_t del_res = map_destroy(map);
+    if (del_res.status != MAP_OK) {
+        printf("Error while destroying the map: %s\n", del_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

examples/string_advanced.c

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ * Advanced string manipulation example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/string.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a string for manipulation
+    string_result_t res = string_new("Hello, World! 😜");
+    if (res.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    string_t *str = res.value.string;
+    printf("Original string: \"%s\"\n\n", str->data);
+
+    // Uppercase string
+    string_result_t res_upper = string_to_upper(str);
+    if (res_upper.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_upper.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("Uppercase: \"%s\"\n", res_upper.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(res_upper.value.string);
+
+    // Lowercase string
+    string_result_t res_lower = string_to_lower(str);
+    if (res_lower.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_lower.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("Lowercase: \"%s\"\n\n", res_lower.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(res_lower.value.string);
+
+    // Reverse string
+    string_result_t res_rev = string_reverse(str);
+    if (res_rev.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_rev.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("Reversed: \"%s\"\n\n", res_rev.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(res_rev.value.string);
+
+    // Change first character of the string
+    string_result_t res_set = string_set_at(str, 0, "J");
+    if (res_set.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_set.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("Updated string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_set.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(res_set.value.string);
+
+    // Get character from string (the emoji)
+    string_result_t res_get = string_get_at(str, 14);
+    if (res_get.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_get.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("Extracted symbol: \"%s\"\n", res_get.value.symbol);
+    free(res_get.value.symbol);
+
+    // Trim string
+    string_t *to_trim = string_new("    foo    ").value.string;
+    string_result_t res_trim = string_trim(to_trim);
+    if (res_trim.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_trim.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("Trimmed string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_trim.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(to_trim);
+    string_destroy(res_trim.value.string);
+
+    // Split string
+    string_t *to_split = string_new("foo/bar/biz").value.string;
+    string_result_t res_split = string_split(to_split, "/");
+    if (res_split.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_split.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    const size_t count = res_split.value.split.count;
+    string_t **strings = res_split.value.split.strings;
+
+    printf("Original string: \"%s\"\nSplitted string: ", to_split->data);
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < count; idx++) {
+        printf("\"%s\" ", strings[idx]->data);
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+
+    string_split_destroy(strings, count);
+    string_destroy(to_split);
+
+    string_destroy(str);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

examples/string_basic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ * Basic string operations example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/string.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a new string
+    string_result_t res = string_new("Hello, ");
+    if (res.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    string_t *str1 = res.value.string;
+    printf("Created string: \"%s\"\n", str1->data);
+    printf("Character count: %zu (%zu actual bytes)\n", string_size(str1), str1->byte_size);
+
+    string_result_t res_clone = string_clone(str1);
+    if (res_clone.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    string_t *cloned = res_clone.value.string;
+    printf("Cloned string: \"%s\"\n\n", cloned->data);
+    string_destroy(cloned);
+
+    // Concatenation of strings
+    string_result_t res_suffix = string_new("World! 😜");
+    if (res_suffix.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    string_t *suffix = res_suffix.value.string;
+    printf("Created another string: \"%s\"\n", suffix->data);
+    printf("Character count: %zu (%zu actual bytes)\n\n", string_size(suffix), suffix->byte_size);
+
+    string_result_t res_cat = string_concat(str1, suffix);
+    if (res_cat.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_cat.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+    string_destroy(suffix);
+
+    string_t *concat_str = res_cat.value.string;
+    printf("Concatenation result: \"%s\"\n\n", concat_str->data);
+
+    // String contains
+    string_t *haystack = string_new("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.").value.string;
+    string_t *needle = string_new("brown fox").value.string;
+
+    string_result_t res_contains = string_contains(haystack, needle);
+    if (res_contains.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_contains.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if (res_contains.value.idx != -1) {
+        printf("Substring found. Starting at index %ld\n\n", res_contains.value.idx);
+    }
+
+    string_destroy(haystack);
+    string_destroy(needle);
+
+    // String slicing
+    string_result_t res_slice = string_slice(concat_str, 7, 14);
+    if (res_slice.status != STRING_OK) {
+        printf("Error: %s\n", res_slice.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("Slice of string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_slice.value.string->data);
+    string_destroy(res_slice.value.string);
+
+    // String equality
+    string_t *compare = string_new("hello, World! 😜").value.string;
+    string_result_t res_eq = string_eq(concat_str, compare, true);
+    if (res_eq.value.is_equ) {
+        printf("The two strings are equal\n\n");
+    } else {
+        printf("The two strings are not equal\n\n");
+    }
+
+    string_destroy(compare);
+    string_destroy(concat_str);
+    string_destroy(str1);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

examples/vector_basic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Basic vector operations example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/vector.h"
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a vector of 3 integers
+    vector_result_t res = vector_new(3, sizeof(int));
+    if (res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating vector: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    vector_t *vector = res.value.vector;
+
+    // Push some values to trigger reallocation
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < 5; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t add_res = vector_push(vector, &idx);
+        if (add_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Print vector size and capacity
+    printf("Vector size (should be 5): %zu\n", vector_size(vector));
+    printf("Vector capacity (should be > 5): %zu\n\n", vector_capacity(vector));
+
+    // Print the whole vector
+    size_t sz = vector_size(vector);
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            int val = *(int *)get_res.value.element;
+            printf("vec[%zu] (should be '%zu') = %d\n", idx, idx, val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set an element at index 2
+    int new_val = 0xBABE;
+    vector_result_t set_res = vector_set(vector, 2, &new_val);
+    if (set_res.status == VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("vec[2] (should be updated to 'BABE'): %X\n\n",  new_val);
+    }
+
+    // Pop last element
+    vector_result_t pop_res = vector_pop(vector);
+    if (pop_res.status == VECTOR_OK) {
+        int val = *(int *)pop_res.value.element;
+        printf("Popped value (should be 5) : %d\n\n", val);
+    }
+
+    // Clear vector
+    vector_result_t clear_res = vector_clear(vector);
+    if (clear_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot clear vector: %s\n", clear_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    } else {
+        printf("Vector cleared (size should be 0): %zu\n\n", vector_size(vector));
+    }
+
+    // Free vector
+    vector_result_t del_res = vector_destroy(vector);
+    if (del_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while destroying the vector: %s\n", del_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

examples/vector_functional.c

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Vector functional operations example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/vector.h"
+
+#define UNUSED(X) (void)(X)
+
+static void square(void *element, void *env);
+static int is_even(const void *element, void *env);
+static void adder(void *accumulator, const void *element, void *env);
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a vector
+    vector_result_t res = vector_new(1, sizeof(int));
+    if (res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating vector: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    vector_t *vector = res.value.vector;
+
+    // Map vector elements
+    for (size_t idx = 1; idx <= 5; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t map_push_res = vector_push(vector, &idx);
+        if (map_push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", map_push_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    size_t sz = vector_size(vector);
+
+    // Square vector elements: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] -> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
+    vector_result_t map_res = vector_map(vector, square, NULL);
+    if (map_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while mapping vector: %s\n", map_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("Squared vector: ");
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t map_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (map_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, map_get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            int *val = (int*)map_get_res.value.element;
+            printf("%d ", *val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // Filter vector elements: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] -> [4, 16]
+    vector_result_t filter_res = vector_filter(vector, is_even, NULL);
+    if (filter_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while filtering vector: %s\n", filter_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    sz = vector_size(vector);
+
+    printf("Filtered vector: ");
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t map_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (map_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, map_get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            int *val = (int*)map_get_res.value.element;
+            printf("%d ", *val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // Reduce vector elements: [4, 16] -> 20
+    int sum = 0;
+    vector_result_t reduce_res = vector_reduce(vector, &sum, adder, NULL);
+    if (reduce_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while reducing vector: %s\n", reduce_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("Sum of vector: %d\n", sum);
+
+    // Free vector
+    vector_result_t del_res = vector_destroy(vector);
+    if (del_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while destroying the vector: %s\n", del_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void square(void *element, void *env) {
+    UNUSED(env);
+    int *value = (int*)element;
+    *value = (*value) * (*value);
+}
+
+int is_even(const void *element, void *env) {
+    UNUSED(env);
+    int value = *(int*)element;
+
+    return (value % 2) == 0;
+}
+
+void adder(void *accumulator, const void *element, void *env) {
+    UNUSED(env);
+    *(int*)accumulator += *(int*)element;
+}
+

examples/vector_sorting.c

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+ * Vector sorting example.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "../src/vector.h"
+
+static vector_order_t cmp_int_asc(const void *x, const void *y);
+static vector_order_t cmp_int_desc(const void *x, const void *y);
+
+int main(void) {
+    // Create a vector
+    vector_result_t res = vector_new(1, sizeof(int));
+    if (res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while creating vector: %s\n", res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    vector_t *vector = res.value.vector;
+
+    // Sort vector in ascending order
+    int values[] = {5, 10, -9, 3, 1, 0, 4};
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < 7; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t sort_push_res = vector_push(vector, &values[idx]);
+        if (sort_push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", sort_push_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("Added new elements. Before sort: ");
+
+    size_t sz = vector_size(vector);
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            const int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
+            printf("%d ", *val);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    vector_result_t sort_asc_res = vector_sort(vector, cmp_int_asc);
+    if (sort_asc_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot sort array: %s\n", sort_asc_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("After sort in ascending order: ");
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
+            printf("%d ", *val);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    // Sort vector in descending order
+    vector_result_t sort_desc_res = vector_sort(vector, cmp_int_desc);
+    if (sort_desc_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Cannot sort array: %s\n", sort_desc_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("After sort in descending order: ");
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
+        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
+            printf("%d ", *val);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("\n\n");
+
+    // Free vector
+    vector_result_t del_res = vector_destroy(vector);
+    if (del_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        printf("Error while destroying the vector: %s\n", del_res.message);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+vector_order_t cmp_int_asc(const void *x, const void *y) {
+    int x_int = *(const int*)x;
+    int y_int = *(const int*)y;
+
+    if (x_int < y_int) return VECTOR_ORDER_LT;
+    if (x_int > y_int) return VECTOR_ORDER_GT;
+
+    return VECTOR_ORDER_EQ;
+}
+
+vector_order_t cmp_int_desc(const void *x, const void *y) {
+    return cmp_int_asc(y, x);
+}
+

src/bigint.c

@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
         (result).message[RESULT_MSG_SIZE - 1] = '\0'; \
     } while (0)
 
+#define REMOVE(ptr) \
+    free(ptr); \
+    ptr = NULL
+
 #define IS_DIGIT(c) ((c) >= '0') && ((c) <= '9')
 
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -19,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "bigint.h"
 #include "vector.h"
 
-// Internal methods
 /**
  * bigint_trim_zeros
  *  @number: a non-null big integer
@@ -842,30 +845,32 @@ cleanup: // Destroy intermediate allocations on error
 }
 
 /**
- * bigint_dev
+ * bigint_div
- *  @x: a valid non-null big integer (dividend)
+ *  @x: a non-null big integer acting as a dividend
- *  @y: a valid non-null big integer (divisor)
+ *  @y: a non-null big integer acting as a divisor
  *
- *  Computes division using long division algorithm in O(n^2)
+ *  Computers the quotient floor (i.e., |X| / |Y|) using Knuth's Algorithm D
+ *  Adaoted from p. 273 of Don Knuth's TAoCP Vol. 2
+ *  The complexity is O(n * m) where 'n' and 'm' are the number of base-10^9
+ *  "parts" (the limbs in the code below) in the divisor and the quotient, respectively.
  *
- *  Returns a bigint_result_t data type
+ *  Returns a bigint_result_t containing the quotient.
+ *  The called of this function will be responsible for applying the sign.
  */
 static bigint_result_t bigint_div(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     bigint_result_t result = {0};
     bigint_result_t tmp_res = {0};
 
     bigint_t *quotient = NULL;
-    bigint_t *remainder = NULL;
+    long long *u = NULL, *v = NULL, *q = NULL;
-    bigint_t *abs_y = NULL;
 
     if (x == NULL || y == NULL) {
         result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
-        SET_MSG(result, "Invalid big numbers");
+        SET_MSG(result, "Invalid big integers");
 
         return result;
     }
 
-    // Check for division by zero
     const size_t y_size = vector_size(y->digits);
     if (y_size == 0) {
         result.status = BIGINT_ERR_DIV_BY_ZERO;
@@ -875,16 +880,16 @@ static bigint_result_t bigint_div(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     }
 
     if (y_size == 1) {
-        vector_result_t y_val_res = vector_get(y->digits, 0);
+        vector_result_t y0_res = vector_get(y->digits, 0);
-        if (y_val_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        if (y0_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
             result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
-            COPY_MSG(result, y_val_res.message);
+            COPY_MSG(result, y0_res.message);
 
             return result;
         }
 
-        int *y_val = (int*)y_val_res.value.element;
+        int *y0 = (int *)y0_res.value.element;
-        if (*y_val == 0) {
+        if (*y0 == 0) {
             result.status = BIGINT_ERR_DIV_BY_ZERO;
             SET_MSG(result, "Cannot divide by zero");
 
@@ -892,94 +897,67 @@ static bigint_result_t bigint_div(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
         }
     }
 
-    // If |x| < |y| then result is zero
     tmp_res = bigint_compare_abs(x, y);
-    if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { return tmp_res; }
-
-    if (tmp_res.value.compare_status < 0) {
-        tmp_res = bigint_from_int(0);
-        if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { return tmp_res; }
-
-        result.value.number = tmp_res.value.number;
-        result.status = BIGINT_OK;
-        SET_MSG(result, "Division between big integers was successful");
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    // Initialize quotient and remainder
-    tmp_res = bigint_from_int(0);
-    if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { return tmp_res; }
-    quotient = tmp_res.value.number;
-
-    tmp_res = bigint_from_int(0);
-    if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { bigint_destroy(quotient); return tmp_res; }
-    remainder = tmp_res.value.number;
-
-    // Create absolute value of y for later comparisons
-    tmp_res = bigint_clone(y);
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        bigint_destroy(quotient);
-        bigint_destroy(remainder);
-
         return tmp_res;
     }
 
-    abs_y = tmp_res.value.number;
+    if (tmp_res.value.compare_status < 0) {
-    abs_y->is_negative = false;
+        return bigint_from_int(0);
+    }
 
-    // Long division algorithm applied from MSB to LSB
     const size_t x_size = vector_size(x->digits);
+    const size_t n = y_size;
+    const long long BASE = (long long)BIGINT_BASE;
+
+    quotient = malloc(sizeof(bigint_t));
+    if (quotient == NULL) {
+        result.status = BIGINT_ERR_ALLOCATE;
+        SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocate memory for big integer");
+
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    quotient->digits = NULL;
+    quotient->is_negative = false;
+
+    // Single-limb divisor case. Here, we scan using 64-bit arithmetic in O(n)
+    if (y_size == 1) {
+        vector_result_t y0_res = vector_get(y->digits, 0);
+        if (y0_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
+            COPY_MSG(result, y0_res.message);
+
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        long long divisor = *(int *)y0_res.value.element;
+
+        vector_result_t vec_res = vector_new(x_size, sizeof(int));
+        if (vec_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_ALLOCATE;
+            COPY_MSG(result, vec_res.message);
+
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        quotient->digits = vec_res.value.vector;
+
+        long long remainder = 0;
         for (int idx = (int)x_size - 1; idx >= 0; idx--) {
-        // Shift remainder left by one base digit (multiplication by BASE)
+            vector_result_t xidx_res = vector_get(x->digits, idx);
-        tmp_res = bigint_shift_left(remainder, 1);
+            if (xidx_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
-
-        bigint_t *shifted_remainder = tmp_res.value.number;
-        bigint_destroy(remainder);
-        remainder = shifted_remainder;
-
-        // Add current digit of 'x' to the least significant position of remainder
-        vector_result_t digit_res = vector_get(x->digits, idx);
-        if (digit_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
                 result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
-            COPY_MSG(result, digit_res.message);
+                COPY_MSG(result, xidx_res.message);
 
                 goto cleanup;
             }
 
-        int *x_digit = (int*)digit_res.value.element;
+            long long current = remainder * BASE + *(int *)xidx_res.value.element;
+            int q_idx = (int)(current / divisor);
+            remainder = current % divisor;
 
-        vector_result_t set_res = vector_set(remainder->digits, 0, x_digit);
+            vector_result_t push_res = vector_push(quotient->digits, &q_idx);
-        if (set_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
-            COPY_MSG(result, set_res.message);
-
-            goto cleanup;
-        }
-
-        tmp_res = bigint_trim_zeros(remainder);
-        if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
-
-        // COunt how many times 'y' fits into current remainder
-        size_t count = 0;
-        while (1) {
-            tmp_res = bigint_compare_abs(remainder, abs_y);
-            if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
-            if (tmp_res.value.compare_status < 0) { break; } // remainder < abs_y
-
-            // remainder = remainder - abs_y
-            tmp_res = bigint_sub_abs(remainder, abs_y);
-            if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
-
-            bigint_t *new_remainder = tmp_res.value.number;
-            bigint_destroy(remainder);
-            remainder = new_remainder;
-            count++;
-        }
-
-        // Add count to quotient digits
-        vector_result_t push_res = vector_push(quotient->digits, &count);
             if (push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
                 result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
                 COPY_MSG(result, push_res.message);
@@ -988,34 +966,173 @@ static bigint_result_t bigint_div(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
             }
         }
 
-    // Reverse quotient digits
+        // Restore the LSB-first order
         const size_t q_size = vector_size(quotient->digits);
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < q_size / 2; idx++) {
+        for (size_t lo = 0, hi = q_size - 1; lo < hi; hi--) {
-        vector_result_t left_res = vector_get(quotient->digits, idx);
+            vector_result_t lr = vector_get(quotient->digits, lo);
-        vector_result_t right_res = vector_get(quotient->digits, q_size - 1 - idx);
+            vector_result_t hr = vector_get(quotient->digits, hi);
 
-        if (left_res.status != VECTOR_OK || right_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            if (lr.status != VECTOR_OK || hr.status != VECTOR_OK) {
                 result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
-            SET_MSG(result, "Failed to access vector elements");
+                SET_MSG(result, "Failed to reverse quotient digits");
 
                 goto cleanup;
             }
 
-        int *left = (int*)left_res.value.element;
+            int lower_val = *(int *)lr.value.element;
-        int *right = (int*)right_res.value.element;
+            int higher_val = *(int *)hr.value.element;
-        int temp = *left;
+            vector_set(quotient->digits, lo, &higher_val);
-
+            vector_set(quotient->digits, hi, &lower_val);
-        vector_set(quotient->digits, idx, right);
-        vector_set(quotient->digits, q_size - 1 - idx, &temp);
         }
 
-    quotient->is_negative = (x->is_negative != y->is_negative);
+        bigint_result_t trim_res = bigint_trim_zeros(quotient);
+        if (trim_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = trim_res; goto cleanup; }
 
-    tmp_res = bigint_trim_zeros(quotient);
+        result.value.number = quotient;
-    if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
+        result.status = BIGINT_OK;
+        SET_MSG(result, "Division between big integers was successful");
 
-    bigint_destroy(remainder);
+        return result;
-    bigint_destroy(abs_y);
+    }
+
+    /* General case using Knuth's Algorithm
+     * First, some definitions:
+     * index 0 -> least significant limb;
+     * n -> limb count of divisor y
+     * m -> limb count of quotient (x_size - n)
+     * u[0 ... m + n] -> working copy of the (scaled) dividend +1 sentinel limb
+     * v[0 ... n - 1] -> working copy of the (scaled) divisor
+     * q[0 ... m] -> output quotient limbs
+     */
+    const size_t m = x_size - n;
+
+    u = calloc(m + n + 1, sizeof(long long));
+    v = calloc(n, sizeof(long long));
+    q = calloc(m + 1, sizeof(long long));
+
+    if (u == NULL || v == NULL || q == NULL) {
+        result.status = BIGINT_ERR_ALLOCATE;
+        SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocate scratch arrays for division");
+
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < x_size; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t get_res = vector_get(x->digits, idx);
+        if (get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
+            COPY_MSG(result, get_res.message);
+
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        u[idx] = *(int *)get_res.value.element;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+        vector_result_t get_res = vector_get(y->digits, idx);
+        if (get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
+            COPY_MSG(result, get_res.message);
+
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+
+        v[idx] = *(int *)get_res.value.element;
+    }
+
+    // D1 (normalize): choose 'd' so that v[n - 1] >= BASE / 2 (after scaling)
+    const long long d = BASE / (v[n - 1] + 1);
+
+    long long carry = 0;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < x_size; idx++) {
+        long long current = u[idx] * d + carry;
+        u[idx] = current % BASE;
+        carry = current / BASE;
+    }
+    u[x_size] = carry;
+
+    carry = 0;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+        long long current = v[idx] * d + carry;
+        v[idx] = current % BASE;
+        carry = current / BASE;
+    }
+
+    // D2-D6: the main loop. One iteration produces one quotient limb
+    for (long long j = (long long)m; j >= 0; j--) {
+        size_t jj = (size_t)j;
+
+        // D3: 2-by-1 trial quotient
+        long long two_limb = u[jj + n] * BASE + u[jj + n - 1];
+        long long q_hat = two_limb / v[n - 1];
+        long long r_hat = two_limb % v[n - 1];
+
+        while (q_hat >= BASE || ((n >= 2) && (q_hat * v[n - 2]) > (BASE * r_hat + u[jj + n - 2]))) {
+            q_hat--;
+            r_hat += v[n - 1];
+            if (r_hat >= BASE) { break; }
+        }
+
+        // D4: multiply-subtract u[j ... j + n] -= q_hat * v[0 ... n - 1]
+        long long borrow = 0;
+        for (size_t idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+            long long product = q_hat * v[idx] + borrow;
+            borrow = product / BASE;
+            long long diff = u[jj + idx] - (product % BASE);
+            if (diff < 0) {
+                diff += BASE;
+                borrow++;
+            }
+            u[jj + idx] = diff;
+        }
+        u[jj + n] -= borrow;
+
+        // D5: store quotient digit
+        q[jj] = q_hat;
+
+        // D6: if 'u' went negative, add 'v' back once and decrement q[j]
+        if (u[jj + n] < 0) {
+            q[jj]--;
+            carry = 0;
+            for (size_t idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+                long long sum = u[jj + idx] + v[idx] + carry;
+                u[jj + idx] = sum % BASE;
+                carry = sum / BASE;
+            }
+            u[jj + n] += carry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Delete working copy from memory
+    REMOVE(u); REMOVE(v);
+
+    // Build the bigint quotient from q[0 ... m] (index 0 = LSB)
+    vector_result_t vec_res = vector_new(m + 1, sizeof(int));
+    if (vec_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        result.status = BIGINT_ERR_ALLOCATE;
+        COPY_MSG(result, vec_res.message);
+
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    quotient->digits = vec_res.value.vector;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; idx <= m; idx++) {
+        int q_idx = (int)q[idx];
+
+        vector_result_t push_res = vector_push(quotient->digits, &q_idx);
+        if (push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+            result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
+            COPY_MSG(result, push_res.message);
+
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+    }
+
+    REMOVE(q);
+
+    bigint_result_t trim_res = bigint_trim_zeros(quotient);
+    if (trim_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = trim_res; goto cleanup; }
 
     result.value.number = quotient;
     result.status = BIGINT_OK;
@@ -1024,20 +1141,20 @@ static bigint_result_t bigint_div(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     return result;
 
 cleanup:
+    free(u); free(v); free(q);
     if (quotient) { bigint_destroy(quotient); }
-    if (remainder) { bigint_destroy(remainder); }
-    if (abs_y) { bigint_destroy(abs_y); }
 
     return result;
 }
 
+
 /**
  * bigint_from_int
  *  @value: an integer value
  * 
  *  Takes an integer and convert it to a big integer
  * 
- *  Returns a big_int_result_t data type containing a new big integer
+ *  Returns a bigint_result_t data type containing a new big integer
  */
 bigint_result_t bigint_from_int(long long value) {
     bigint_result_t result = {0};
@@ -1555,14 +1672,14 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_prod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     return result;
 }
 
-
-
 /**
  * bigint_divmod
  *  @x: a valid non-null big integer
  *  @y: a valid non-null big integer
  * 
- *  Computes division with remainder
+ *  Computes truncated division with remainder. That is:
+ *   quotient = trunc(x / y)       sign = sign(x) XOR sign(y)
+ *   remainder = x - y * quotient  sign = sign(x)
  *  
  *  Returns a bigint_result_t data type
  */
@@ -1570,7 +1687,6 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     bigint_result_t result = {0};
     bigint_result_t tmp_res = {0};
 
-    // Intermediate results
     bigint_t *quotient = NULL;
     bigint_t *y_times_q = NULL;
     bigint_t *remainder = NULL;
@@ -1582,11 +1698,10 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
         return result;
     }
 
-    // Check for division by zero
     const size_t y_size = vector_size(y->digits);
     if (y_size == 0) {
         result.status = BIGINT_ERR_DIV_BY_ZERO;
-        SET_MSG(result, "Division by zero");
+        SET_MSG(result, "Cannot divide by zero");
 
         return result;
     }
@@ -1603,13 +1718,13 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
         int *y_val = (int *)y_val_res.value.element;
         if (*y_val == 0) {
             result.status = BIGINT_ERR_DIV_BY_ZERO;
-            SET_MSG(result, "Division by zero");
+            SET_MSG(result, "Cannot divide by zero");
 
             return result;
         }
     }
 
-    // |x| < |y| then quotient is 0 and remainder is x
+    // |x| < |y|: quotient is 0, remainder is x
     tmp_res = bigint_compare_abs(x, y);
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
 
@@ -1624,6 +1739,7 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
 
         result.value.division.quotient = quotient;
         result.value.division.remainder = remainder;
+
         result.status = BIGINT_OK;
         SET_MSG(result, "Division between big integers was successful");
 
@@ -1634,7 +1750,10 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
     quotient = tmp_res.value.number;
 
-    // Compute r = x - y * q
+    // Set quotient sign accordingly
+    quotient->is_negative = (x->is_negative != y->is_negative);
+
+    // Compute remainder using r = x - y * q
     tmp_res = bigint_prod(y, quotient);
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
     y_times_q = tmp_res.value.number;
@@ -1643,13 +1762,24 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_divmod(const bigint_t *x, const bigint_t *y) {
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
     remainder = tmp_res.value.number;
 
-    // Ensure that remainder has correct sign (i.e., same as dividend x)
-    // In C-style division, sign(remainder) = sign(dividend)
-    remainder->is_negative = x->is_negative;
-
     tmp_res = bigint_trim_zeros(remainder);
     if (tmp_res.status != BIGINT_OK) { result = tmp_res; goto cleanup; }
 
+    // Set remainder sign accordingly
+    vector_result_t r0 = vector_get(remainder->digits, 0);
+    if (r0.status != VECTOR_OK) {
+        result.status = BIGINT_ERR_INVALID;
+        COPY_MSG(result, r0.message);
+
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    bool rem_is_zero = (vector_size(remainder->digits) == 1 && *(int *)r0.value.element == 0);
+
+    if (!rem_is_zero) {
+        remainder->is_negative = x->is_negative;
+    }
+
     result.value.division.quotient = quotient;
     result.value.division.remainder = remainder;
     result.status = BIGINT_OK;
@@ -1753,11 +1883,15 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_printf(const char *format, ...) {
 
     // Process string char by char
     for (const char *p = format; *p != '\0'; p++) {
-        if (*p == '%' && *(p + 1) == 'B') {
+        if (*p == '%' && *(p + 1) != '%') {
-            // Process a big number
+            p++;
+            const char placeholder = *p;
+
+            switch (placeholder) {
+                case 'B': {
                     bigint_t *num = va_arg(args, bigint_t*);
                     if (num == NULL) {
-                printf("<invalid string>");
+                        for (const char *s = "<invalid big integer>"; *s != '\0'; s++) { putchar(*s); }
                     } else {
                         bigint_result_t num_str_res = bigint_to_string(num);
                         if (num_str_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
@@ -1765,28 +1899,21 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_printf(const char *format, ...) {
                             return num_str_res;
                         }
 
-                char* const number_str = num_str_res.value.string_num;
+                        char *number_str = num_str_res.value.string_num;
-                printf("%s", number_str);
+                        for (const char *s = number_str; *s != '\0'; s++) { putchar(*s); }
                         free(number_str);
                     }
-            p++;
+                    break;
-        } else if (*p == '%' && *(p + 1) != '%') {
+                }
-            // Handle common printf placeholders
-            p++;
-            char placeholder = *p;
-
-            switch (placeholder) {
                 case 'd':
                 case 'i': {
                     int val = va_arg(args, int);
                     printf("%d", val);
-
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'u': {
                     unsigned int val = va_arg(args, unsigned int);
                     printf("%u", val);
-
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'l': {
@@ -1807,12 +1934,16 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_printf(const char *format, ...) {
                 }
                 case 's': {
                     char* val = va_arg(args, char*);
-                    printf("%s", val ? val : "<invalid string>");
+                    if (val) {
+                        for (const char *s = val; *s != '\0'; s++) { putchar(*s); }
+                    } else {
+                        for (const char *s = "<invalid string>"; *s != '\0'; s++) { putchar(*s); }
+                    }
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'c': {
                     int val = va_arg(args, int);
-                    printf("%c", val);
+                    putchar(val);
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'f': {
@@ -1821,7 +1952,7 @@ bigint_result_t bigint_printf(const char *format, ...) {
                     break;
                 }
                 case 'p': {
-                    void *val = va_arg(args, void*);
+                    void* const val = va_arg(args, void*);
                     printf("%p", val);
                     break;
                 }

src/map.c

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@
 
 #include "map.h"
 
-// Internal methods
-
 /**
  * hash_key
  *  @key: The input string for the hash function

src/string.c

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ static inline bool is_space(unsigned char c) {
             c == '\f' || c == '\v');
 }
 
-// Get byte length of a UTF-8 character/symbol
+// Get byte length of an UTF-8 sequence
 static inline int utf8_char_len(unsigned char byte) {
     if ((byte & 0x80) == 0x00) return 1;
     if ((byte & 0xE0) == 0xC0) return 2;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static bool utf8_is_char_valid(const char *utf8_char, int *out_len) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    size_t len = utf8_char_len((unsigned char)utf8_char[0]);
+    const size_t len = utf8_char_len((unsigned char)utf8_char[0]);
     if (len <= 0) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ static bool utf8_is_char_valid(const char *utf8_char, int *out_len) {
     return true;
 }
 
-// Validate an UTF-8 symbol and measure byte length and character count in one pass
+// Validate an UTF-8 symbol and measure byte length and character count
 static bool utf8_scan(const char *str, size_t *out_byte_size, size_t *out_char_count) {
     size_t b_size = 0;
     size_t c_count = 0;
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ static uint32_t utf8_decode(const char *str, int *char_len) {
 static int utf8_encode(uint32_t codepoint, char *out) {
     if (codepoint <= 0x7F) {
         out[0] = (char)codepoint;
+
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ string_result_t string_new(const char *c_str) {
 
     if (c_str == NULL) {
         result.status = STRING_ERR_INVALID;
-        SET_MSG(result, "Invalid null input string");
+        SET_MSG(result, "Invalid input string");
 
         return result;
     }
@@ -191,14 +192,15 @@ string_result_t string_new(const char *c_str) {
         return result;
     }
 
-    memcpy(str->data, c_str, b_size + 1);
+    memcpy(str->data, c_str, b_size);
+    str->data[b_size] = '\0';
     str->byte_size = b_size;
     str->byte_capacity = b_size + 1;
     str->char_count = c_count;
 
     result.status = STRING_OK;
-    SET_MSG(result, "String successfully created");
     result.value.string = str;
+    SET_MSG(result, "String successfully created");
 
     return result;
 }
@@ -238,7 +240,8 @@ string_result_t string_clone(const string_t *str) {
         return result;
     }
 
-    memcpy(str_copy->data, str->data, str->byte_size + 1);
+    memcpy(str_copy->data, str->data, str->byte_size);
+    str_copy->data[str->byte_size] = '\0';
     str_copy->byte_size = str->byte_size;
     str_copy->byte_capacity = str->byte_size + 1;
     str_copy->char_count = str->char_count;
@@ -291,6 +294,8 @@ string_result_t string_concat(const string_t *x, const string_t *y) {
     result = string_new(buf);
     free(buf);
 
+    SET_MSG(result, "String successfully concatenated");
+
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ string_result_t string_slice(const string_t *str, size_t start, size_t end) {
         end_byte_offset += utf8_char_len((unsigned char)str->data[end_byte_offset]);
     }
 
-    const size_t slice_byte_size = end_byte_offset - start_byte_offset;
+    const size_t slice_byte_size = (end_byte_offset - start_byte_offset);
 
     string_t *slice = malloc(sizeof(string_t));
     if (slice == NULL) {
@@ -384,6 +389,7 @@ string_result_t string_slice(const string_t *str, size_t start, size_t end) {
 
     slice->data = malloc(slice_byte_size + 1);
     if (slice->data == NULL) {
+        free(slice);
         result.status = STRING_ERR_ALLOCATE;
         SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocate memory");
 
@@ -428,8 +434,9 @@ string_result_t string_slice(const string_t *str, size_t start, size_t end) {
     }
 
     if (x->char_count != y->char_count) {
-         result.status = STRING_ERR_INVALID;
+        result.value.is_equ = false;
-         SET_MSG(result, "Strings differ in length");
+        result.status = STRING_OK;
+        SET_MSG(result, "Comparison completed successfully");
 
         return result;
     }
@@ -448,12 +455,14 @@ string_result_t string_slice(const string_t *str, size_t start, size_t end) {
 
             if (c1 != c2) {
                 result.value.is_equ = false;
+
                 return result;
             }
 
             p1 += l1;
             p2 += l2;
         }
+
         result.value.is_equ = (*p1 == *p2);
     }
 
@@ -634,7 +643,6 @@ string_result_t string_to_lower(const string_t *str) {
     result = string_new(buf);
     free(buf);
 
-    result.status = STRING_OK;
     SET_MSG(result, "String successfully converted to lowercase");
 
     return result;
@@ -679,7 +687,6 @@ string_result_t string_to_upper(const string_t *str) {
     result = string_new(buf);
     free(buf);
 
-    result.status = STRING_OK;
     SET_MSG(result, "String successfully converted to uppercase");
 
     return result;
@@ -713,6 +720,7 @@ string_result_t string_reverse(const string_t *str) {
 
     const char **pos = malloc(str->char_count * sizeof(char *));
     if (pos == NULL) {
+        free(buf);
         result.status = STRING_ERR_ALLOCATE;
         SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocate memory");
 
@@ -839,7 +847,7 @@ string_result_t string_split(const string_t *str, const char *delim) {
         char *tmp = malloc(part_len + 1);
         if (tmp == NULL) {
             result.status = STRING_ERR_ALLOCATE;
-            SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocated memory");
+            SET_MSG(result, "Cannot allocate memory");
 
             goto cleanup;
         }
@@ -866,10 +874,9 @@ string_result_t string_split(const string_t *str, const char *delim) {
     SET_MSG(result, "String successfully split");
 
     return result;
+
 cleanup:
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < idx; j++) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < idx; j++) { string_destroy(string_array[j]); }
-        string_destroy(string_array[j]);
-    }
     free(string_array);
 
     return result;
@@ -903,7 +910,7 @@ string_result_t string_destroy(string_t *str) {
 }
 
 /**
- * string_split_destory
+ * string_split_destroy
  *  @split: an array of pointers of String
  *  @count: the number of elements
  *

src/string.h

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ typedef enum {
 
 typedef struct {
     char *data;
-    size_t byte_size; // Size in bytes excluding NULL terminator
+    size_t byte_size; // Size in bytes minus the NULL terminator
     size_t byte_capacity; // Total allocated memory
     size_t char_count; // Number of symbols
 } string_t;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ typedef struct {
 } string_result_t;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
+#extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 // Public APIs

src/vector.c

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include "vector.h"
 
-// Internal methods
 /**
  * vector_resize
  *  @vector: a non-null vector

tests/test_bigint.c

@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ void test_bigint_prod_neg(void) {
     bigint_destroy(prod.value.number);
 }
 
-// Test division between big numbers
+// Test division between big numbers where divisor is a single limb big number
-void test_bigint_div(void) {
+void test_bigint_div_single_limb(void) {
     bigint_result_t x = bigint_from_int(100);
     bigint_result_t y = bigint_from_int(2);
 
@@ -229,11 +229,33 @@ void test_bigint_div(void) {
     bigint_eq(quotient, "50");
     bigint_eq(remainder, "0");
 
-    bigint_destroy(quotient);
+    bigint_destroy(quotient); bigint_destroy(remainder);
-    bigint_destroy(remainder);
+    bigint_destroy(x.value.number); bigint_destroy(y.value.number);
+}
 
-    bigint_destroy(x.value.number);
+// Test division between big numbers using Knuth's algorithm
-    bigint_destroy(y.value.number);
+void test_bigint_div_knuth(void) {
+    // (1...9) x 8
+    const char *x_origin = "123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789";
+    // (9...1) x 5
+    const char *y_origin = "987654321987654321987654321987654321987654321";
+
+    bigint_result_t x = bigint_from_string(x_origin);
+    bigint_result_t y = bigint_from_string(y_origin);
+
+    assert(x.status == BIGINT_OK && y.status == BIGINT_OK);
+
+    bigint_result_t div = bigint_divmod(x.value.number, y.value.number);
+    assert(div.status == BIGINT_OK);
+
+    bigint_t* const quotient = div.value.division.quotient;
+    bigint_t* const remainder = div.value.division.remainder;
+
+    bigint_eq(quotient, "124999998860937500014238281");
+    bigint_eq(remainder, "246737799246737799370194588370194588370194588");
+
+    bigint_destroy(quotient); bigint_destroy(remainder);
+    bigint_destroy(x.value.number); bigint_destroy(y.value.number);
 }
 
 // Test division between big numbers with negative dividend
@@ -262,7 +284,7 @@ void test_bigint_div_dividend(void) {
 
 // Test division between big numbers with negative divisor
 // This library follows C-style divison such that sign(remainder) = sign(dividend)
-void test_bigint_div_divisor(void) {
+void test_bigint_div_neg_divisor(void) {
     bigint_result_t x = bigint_from_int(13);
     bigint_result_t y = bigint_from_int(-4);
 
@@ -405,9 +427,10 @@ int main(void) {
     TEST(bigint_very_large_prod);
     TEST(bigint_prod_mixed);
     TEST(bigint_prod_neg);
-    TEST(bigint_div);
+    TEST(bigint_div_single_limb);
+    TEST(bigint_div_knuth);
     TEST(bigint_div_dividend);
-    TEST(bigint_div_divisor);
+    TEST(bigint_div_neg_divisor);
     TEST(bigint_div_neg);
     TEST(bigint_div_by_zero);
     TEST(bigint_clone);

tests/test_string.c

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void test_string_concat(void) {
     string_destroy(res.value.string);
 }
 
-// Test if string contains a substring
+// Test if string contains substring
 void test_string_contains(void) {
     string_t *haystack = string_new("Hello 🌍 World").value.string;
     string_t *needle_ascii = string_new("World").value.string;
@@ -108,17 +108,17 @@ void test_string_slice(void) {
     assert(res1.value.string->char_count == 3);
 
     // UTF-8 slice
-    string_t *str2 = string_new("AB😆🌍").value.string;
+    string_t *str2 = string_new("AB😀🌍").value.string;
     string_result_t res2 = string_slice(str2, 2, 2);
 
     assert(res2.status == STRING_OK);
-    assert(strcmp(res2.value.string->data, "😆") == 0);
+    assert(strcmp(res2.value.string->data, "😀") == 0);
     assert(res2.value.string->byte_size == 4); // emoji = 4 bytes
 
     // UTF-8 + ASCII slice
     string_result_t res3 = string_slice(str2, 0, 2);
     assert(res3.status == STRING_OK);
-    assert(strcmp(res3.value.string->data, "AB😆") == 0);
+    assert(strcmp(res3.value.string->data, "AB😀") == 0);
 
     // Invalid bounds
     string_result_t res4 = string_slice(str1, 5, 2);
@@ -165,12 +165,12 @@ void test_string_reverse_utf8(void) {
 
 // Test string get_at
 void test_string_get_at(void) {
-    string_t *str = string_new("AB😆🌍").value.string;
+    string_t *str = string_new("AB😀🌍").value.string;
 
-    // 😆 is at index 2
+    // 😀 is at index 2
     string_result_t res1 = string_get_at(str, 2);
     assert(res1.status == STRING_OK);
-    assert(strcmp((char*)res1.value.symbol, "😆") == 0);
+    assert(strcmp((char*)res1.value.symbol, "😀") == 0);
     free(res1.value.symbol);
 
     // 🌍 is at index 3
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@ void test_string_get_at_overflow(void) {
 void test_string_set_at(void) {
     string_t *str = string_new("ABC").value.string;
 
-    // Replace 'B' with emoji
+    // Replace 'B' with an emoji
-    string_result_t res = string_set_at(str, 1, "😆");
+    string_result_t res = string_set_at(str, 1, "😀");
     string_t *altered = res.value.string;
 
     assert(res.status == STRING_OK);
-    assert(strcmp(altered->data, "A😆C") == 0);
+    assert(strcmp(altered->data, "A😀C") == 0);
     assert(string_size(altered) == 3);
     assert(altered->byte_size == 6); // that is: A (1B) + emoji (4B) + C (1B)
 

usage.c

@@ -1,711 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Sample usage of the Datum library.
- *
- * This program is a complete example on how to use Datum
- * with *verbose* error checking. For a more minimal usage, you may want to ignore
- * return messages/codes and get straight to the actual result. See the early
- * part of the README.md file for such example (use it at your own risk).
- *
- * Developed by Marco Cetica (c) 2025, <email@marcocetica.com>
- *
- */
-#define SEP(SIZE) do { \
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { \
-        printf("="); \
-    }; \
-    puts("\n"); \
-} while(0)
-
-#define UNUSED(X) (void)(X)
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "src/vector.h"
-#include "src/map.h"
-#include "src/bigint.h"
-#include "src/string.h"
-
-static int vector_usage(void);
-static int map_usage(void);
-static int bigint_usage(void);
-static int string_usage(void);
-
-static vector_order_t cmp_int_asc(const void *x, const void *y);
-static vector_order_t cmp_int_desc(const void *x, const void *y);
-static void square(void *element, void *env);
-static int is_even(const void *element, void *env);
-static void adder(void *accumulator, const void *element, void *env);
-
-int main(void) {
-    int st;
-
-    st = vector_usage();
-    if (st) { return st; }
-
-    SEP(50);
-
-    st = map_usage();
-    if (st) { return st; }
-
-    SEP(50);
-
-    st = bigint_usage();
-    if (st) { return st; }
-
-    SEP(50);
-
-    st = string_usage();
-    if (st) { return st; }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-vector_order_t cmp_int_asc(const void *x, const void *y) {
-    int x_int = *(const int*)x;
-    int y_int = *(const int*)y;
-
-    if (x_int < y_int) return VECTOR_ORDER_LT;
-    if (x_int > y_int) return VECTOR_ORDER_GT;
-
-    return VECTOR_ORDER_EQ;
-}
-
-vector_order_t cmp_int_desc(const void *x, const void *y) {
-    return cmp_int_asc(y, x);
-}
-
-void square(void *element, void *env) {
-    UNUSED(env);
-    int *value = (int*)element;
-    *value = (*value) * (*value);
-}
-
-int is_even(const void *element, void *env) {
-    UNUSED(env);
-    int value = *(int*)element;
-
-    return (value % 2) == 0;
-}
-
-void adder(void *accumulator, const void *element, void *env) {
-    UNUSED(env);
-    *(int*)accumulator += *(int*)element;
-}
-
-int vector_usage(void) {
-    // Create a vector of 3 integers
-    vector_result_t res = vector_new(3, sizeof(int));
-    if (res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Error while creating vector: %s\n", res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    vector_t *vector = res.value.vector;
-
-    // Push some values to trigger reallocation
-    for (int idx = 0; idx < 5; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t add_res = vector_push(vector, &idx);
-        if (add_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Print vector size and capacity
-    printf("Vector size (should be 5): %zu\n", vector_size(vector));
-    printf("Vector capacity (should be > 5): %zu\n\n", vector_capacity(vector));
-
-    // Print the whole vector
-    size_t sz = vector_size(vector);
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            int val = *(int *)get_res.value.element;
-            printf("vec[%zu] (should be '%zu') = %d\n", idx, idx, val);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Set an element at index 2
-    int new_val = 0xBABE;
-    vector_result_t set_res = vector_set(vector, 2, &new_val);
-    if (set_res.status == VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("vec[2] (should be updated to 'BABE'): %X\n\n",  new_val);
-    }
-
-    // Pop last element
-    vector_result_t pop_res = vector_pop(vector);
-    if (pop_res.status == VECTOR_OK) {
-        int val = *(int *)pop_res.value.element;
-        printf("Popped value (should be 5) : %d\n\n", val);
-    }
-
-    // Clear vector
-    vector_result_t clear_res = vector_clear(vector);
-    if (clear_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot clear vector: %s\n", clear_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        printf("Vector cleared (size should be 0): %zu\n\n", vector_size(vector));
-    }
-
-    // Sort vector in ascending order
-    int values[] = {5, 10, -9, 3, 1, 0, 4};
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < 7; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t sort_push_res = vector_push(vector, &values[idx]);
-        if (sort_push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", sort_push_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    printf("Added new elements. Before sort: ");
-
-    sz = vector_size(vector);
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            const int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
-            printf("%d ", *val);
-        }
-    }
-    printf("\n");
-
-    vector_result_t sort_asc_res = vector_sort(vector, cmp_int_asc);
-    if (sort_asc_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot sort array: %s\n", sort_asc_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("After sort in ascending order: ");
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
-            printf("%d ", *val);
-        }
-    }
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // Sort vector in descending order
-    vector_result_t sort_desc_res = vector_sort(vector, cmp_int_desc);
-    if (sort_desc_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot sort array: %s\n", sort_desc_res.message);
-        
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("After sort in descending order: ");
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t sort_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (sort_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, sort_get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            int *val = (int*)sort_get_res.value.element;
-            printf("%d ", *val);
-        }
-    }
-    printf("\n\n");
-
-    vector_result_t map_clear_res = vector_clear(vector);
-    if (map_clear_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot clear vector: %s\n", map_clear_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Map vector elements
-    for (size_t idx = 1; idx <= 5; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t map_push_res = vector_push(vector, &idx);
-        if (map_push_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", map_push_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    sz = vector_size(vector);
-
-    // Square vector elements: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] -> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
-    vector_result_t map_res = vector_map(vector, square, NULL);
-    if (map_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Error while mapping vector: %s\n", map_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("Squared vector: ");
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t map_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (map_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, map_get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            int *val = (int*)map_get_res.value.element;
-            printf("%d ", *val);
-        }
-    }
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // Filter vector elements: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] -> [4, 16]
-    vector_result_t filter_res = vector_filter(vector, is_even, NULL);
-    if (filter_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Error while filtering vector: %s\n", filter_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    sz = vector_size(vector);
-
-    printf("Filtered vector: ");
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < sz; idx++) {
-        vector_result_t map_get_res = vector_get(vector, idx);
-        if (map_get_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-            printf("Cannot retrieve vec[%zu]: %s\n", idx, map_get_res.message);
-
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            int *val = (int*)map_get_res.value.element;
-            printf("%d ", *val);
-        }
-    }
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // Reduce vector elements: [4, 16] -> 20
-    int sum = 0;
-    vector_result_t reduce_res = vector_reduce(vector, &sum, adder, NULL);
-    if (reduce_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Error while reducing vector: %s\n", reduce_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("Sum of vector: %d\n\n", sum);
-    
-    // Free vector
-    vector_result_t del_res = vector_destroy(vector);
-    if (del_res.status != VECTOR_OK) {
-        printf("Error while destroying the vector: %s\n", del_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int map_usage(void) {
-    // Create a new map
-    map_result_t res = map_new();
-    if (res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Error while creating map: %s\n", res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    map_t *map = res.value.map;
-
-    // Add some values
-    const int x = 0xB00B5;
-    const char *y = "Hello";
-
-    map_result_t add_res = map_add(map, "x", (void*)&x);
-    if (add_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    add_res = map_add(map, "y", (void*)y);
-    if (add_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Error while adding elements: %s\n", add_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Print size and capacity
-    printf("Map size (should be 2): %zu\n", map_size(map));
-    printf("Map capacity (should be > 2): %zu\n\n", map_capacity(map));
-
-    // Retrieve keys
-    map_result_t get_res = map_get(map, "x");
-    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'x': %s\n", get_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        const int *val = (const int*)get_res.value.element;
-        printf("Key 'x' contains (should be 'B00B5'): %X\n", *val);
-    }
-
-    get_res = map_get(map, "y");
-    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'y': %s\n", get_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        const char *val = (const char*)get_res.value.element;
-        printf("Key 'y' contains (should be 'Hello') : %s\n\n", val);
-    }
-
-    // Update key
-    const int new_x = 0xC0FFEE;
-    map_result_t up_res = map_add(map, "x", (void*)&new_x);
-
-    up_res = map_get(map, "x");
-    if (get_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot retrieve map element 'x': %s\n", get_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        const int *val = (const int*)up_res.value.element;
-        printf("Key 'x' (should be updated to 'C0FFEE'): %X\n\n", *val);
-    }
-
-    // Remove an element
-    map_result_t rm_res = map_remove(map, "y");
-    if (rm_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot remove map element 'y': %s\n", rm_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        printf("Map element 'y' removed (size should be 1): %zu\n\n", map_size(map));
-    }
-
-    // Clear the map
-    map_result_t clear_res = map_clear(map);
-    if (clear_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Cannot clear map: %s\n", clear_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    } else {
-        printf("Map cleared (size should be 0): %zu\n", map_size(map));
-    }
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    // Delete the map
-    map_result_t del_res = map_destroy(map);
-    if (del_res.status != MAP_OK) {
-        printf("Error while destroying the map: %s\n", del_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int bigint_usage(void) {
-    const char *x_origin = "8036732204560262312865077650774313136023641621894661847778962273940232785242208265819059749867858355";
-    const char *y_origin = "7078840479830524979114102683681365071561983635405714511439038016617918064981439736383067887133445937";
-    const size_t x_len = strlen(x_origin);
-    const size_t y_len = strlen(y_origin);
-    const size_t large_x_size = x_len * 100 + 1;
-    const size_t large_y_size = y_len * 100 + 1;
-
-    char *large_x = malloc(large_x_size);
-    char *large_y = malloc(large_y_size);
-
-    if (large_x == NULL || large_y == NULL) {
-        printf("Error while allocating memory for strings\n");
-        free(large_x);
-        free(large_y);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    large_x[0] = '\0';
-    large_y[0] = '\0';
-
-    // Concatenate 100 times
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < 100; idx++) {
-        strcat(large_x, x_origin);
-        strcat(large_y, y_origin);
-    }
-    
-    // Create two big integers from previous strings
-    bigint_result_t x_res = bigint_from_string(large_x);
-    if (x_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while creating big number: %s\n", x_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_result_t y_res = bigint_from_string(large_y);
-    if (x_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while creating big number: %s\n", x_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_t *x = x_res.value.number;
-    bigint_t *y = y_res.value.number;
-
-    // Sum two big integers
-    bigint_result_t sum_res = bigint_add(x, y);
-    if (sum_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while summing two big numbers: %s\n", sum_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_t *sum = sum_res.value.number;
-
-    // Print result
-    bigint_printf("Sum result = %B\n", sum);
-
-    // Subtract two big integers
-    bigint_result_t diff_res = bigint_sub(x, y);
-    if (diff_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while subtracting two big numbers: %s\n", diff_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_t *diff = diff_res.value.number;
-
-    // Print result
-    bigint_printf("difference result = %B\n", diff);
-
-    // Multiply two big integers
-    bigint_result_t prod_res = bigint_prod(x, y);
-    if (prod_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while multiplying two big numbers: %s\n", prod_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_t *prod = prod_res.value.number;
-
-    // Print result
-    bigint_printf("multiplication result = %B\n", prod);
-
-    bigint_t *a = bigint_from_string(x_origin).value.number;
-    bigint_t *b = bigint_from_string(y_origin).value.number;
-
-    // Divide two big integers
-    bigint_result_t div_res = bigint_divmod(a, b);
-    if (div_res.status != BIGINT_OK) {
-        printf("Error while dividing two big numbers: %s\n", div_res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    bigint_t *quotient = div_res.value.division.quotient;
-    bigint_t *remainder = div_res.value.division.remainder;
-
-    // Print result
-    bigint_printf(
-    "division result = %B\
-    \nmod result = %B\n",
-        quotient, remainder);
-
-    // Destroy big numbers and strings
-    bigint_destroy(x); bigint_destroy(y);
-    bigint_destroy(a); bigint_destroy(b);
-    bigint_destroy(sum); bigint_destroy(diff); 
-    bigint_destroy(prod); bigint_destroy(quotient); bigint_destroy(remainder);
-    free(large_x); free(large_y);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int string_usage(void) {
-    // Create a new string
-    string_result_t res = string_new("Hello, ");
-    if (res.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    string_t *str1 = res.value.string;
-    printf("Created string: \"%s\"\n", str1->data);
-    printf("Character count: %zu (%zu actual bytes)\n", string_size(str1), str1->byte_size);
-
-    string_result_t res_clone = string_clone(str1);
-    if (res_clone.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    string_t *cloned = res_clone.value.string;
-    printf("Cloned string: \"%s\"\n\n", cloned->data);
-    string_destroy(cloned);
-
-    // Concatenation of strings
-    string_result_t res_suffix = string_new("World! 🦜");
-    if (res_suffix.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    string_t *suffix = res_suffix.value.string;
-    printf("Created another string: \"%s\"\n", suffix->data);
-    printf("Character count: %zu (%zu actual bytes)\n\n", string_size(suffix), suffix->byte_size);
-
-    string_result_t res_cat = string_concat(str1, suffix);
-    if (res_cat.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_cat.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    string_destroy(suffix);
-   
-    string_t *concat_str = res_cat.value.string;
-    printf("Concatenation result: \"%s\"\n\n", concat_str->data);
-
-    // String contains
-    string_t *haystack = string_new("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.").value.string;
-    string_t *needle = string_new("brown fox").value.string;
-
-    string_result_t res_contains = string_contains(haystack, needle);
-    if (res_contains.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_contains.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (res_contains.value.idx != -1) {
-        printf("Substring found. Starting at index %zu\n\n", res_contains.value.idx);
-    }
-
-    string_destroy(haystack);
-    string_destroy(needle);
-
-    // String slicing
-    string_result_t res_slice = string_slice(concat_str, 7, 14);
-    if (res_slice.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_slice.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("Slice of string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_slice.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(res_slice.value.string);
-
-    // String equality
-    string_t *compare = string_new("hello, World! 🦜").value.string;
-    string_result_t res_eq = string_eq(concat_str, compare, true);
-    if (res_eq.value.is_equ) {
-        printf("The two strings are equal\n\n");
-    } else {
-        printf("The two strings are not equal\n\n");
-    }
-
-    string_destroy(compare);
-    
-    // Uppercase string
-    string_result_t res_upper = string_to_upper(concat_str);
-    if (res_upper.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_upper.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    printf("Uppercase: \"%s\"\n", res_upper.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(res_upper.value.string);
-
-    // Lowercase string
-    string_result_t res_lower = string_to_lower(concat_str);
-    if (res_lower.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_lower.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    printf("Lowercase: \"%s\"\n\n", res_lower.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(res_lower.value.string);
-
-    // Reverse string
-    string_result_t res_rev = string_reverse(concat_str);
-    if (res_rev.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_rev.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    printf("Reversed: \"%s\"\n\n", res_rev.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(res_rev.value.string);
-
-    // Change first character of the string
-    string_result_t res_set = string_set_at(concat_str, 0, "J");
-    if (res_set.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_set.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    printf("Updated string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_set.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(res_set.value.string);
-
-    // Get character from string (the emoji)
-    string_result_t res_get = string_get_at(concat_str, 14);
-    if (res_get.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_get.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-    printf("Extracted symbol: \"%s\"\n", res_get.value.symbol);
-    free(res_get.value.symbol);
-
-    // Trim string
-    string_t *to_trim = string_new("    foo    ").value.string;
-    string_result_t res_trim = string_trim(to_trim);
-    if (res_trim.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_trim.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    printf("Trimmed string: \"%s\"\n\n", res_trim.value.string->data);
-    string_destroy(to_trim);
-    string_destroy(res_trim.value.string);
-
-    // Split string
-    string_t *to_split = string_new("foo/bar/biz").value.string;
-    string_result_t res_split = string_split(to_split, "/");
-    if (res_split.status != STRING_OK) {
-        printf("Error: %s\n", res_split.message);
-
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    const size_t count = res_split.value.split.count;
-    string_t **strings = res_split.value.split.strings;
-
-    printf("Original string: \"%s\"\nSplitted string: ", to_split->data);
-    for (size_t idx = 0; idx < count; idx++) {
-        printf("\"%s\" ", strings[idx]->data);
-    }
-
-    printf("\n");
-
-    string_split_destroy(strings, count);
-    string_destroy(to_split);
-
-    string_destroy(concat_str);
-    string_destroy(str1);
-
-    return 0;
-}