backup.sh

backup.sh is a POSIX compliant, modular and lightweight backup utility to save and encrypt your files. This tool is intended to be used on small scale UNIX environments such as VPS, personal servers and workstations. backup.sh uses rsync, tar and gpg to copy, compress and encrypt the backup.

backup.sh works under the following operating systems:

• GNU/Linux;
• OpenBSD
• FreeBSD;
• Apple MacOS.

Installation

backup.sh consists in a single source file, to install it you can copy the script wherever you want. Alternatively, you can install the script, the default sources file and the man file using the following command:

$> sudo make install

This will copy backup.sh into /usr/local/bin/backup.sh, sources.bk into /usr/local/etc/sources.bk and backup.sh.1 into /usr/share/man/man1/backup.sh.1. To uninstall the program along with the sample sources file and the manual page, you can issue sudo make uninstall.

At this point you still need to install the following dependencies:

• rsync
• tar
• gpg

Usage

To show the available options, you can run backup.sh --help, which will print out the following message:

backup.sh - POSIX compliant, modular and lightweight backup utility.

Syntax: ./backup.sh [-b|-e|-h]
options:
-b|--backup  SOURCES DEST PASS  Backup folders from SOURCES file.
-e|--extract ARCHIVE PASS       Extract ARCHIVE using PASS.
-h|--help                       Show this helper.

As you can see, backup.sh supports two options: backup creation and backup extraction, the former requires root permissions, while the latter does not. Let us see them in details.

Backup creation

To specify the directories to backup, backup.sh uses an associative array defined in a text file(called sources file) with the following syntax:

<LABEL>=<PATH>

Where <LABEL> is the name of the backup and <PATH> is its path. For example, if you want to back up /etc/nginx and /etc/ssh, add the following entries to the sources file:

nginx=/etc/nginx/
ssh=/etc/ssh/

backup.sh will create two folders inside the backup archive with the following syntax:

backup-<LABEL>-<YYYYMMDD>

In the previous example, this would be:

backup-nginx-<YYYYMMDD>
backup-ssh-<YYYYMMDD>

You can add as many entries as you want, just be sure to use the proper syntax. In particular, the sources file, should not includes:

• Spaces between the label and the equal sign;
• Empty lines;
• Comments.

You can find a sample sources file at sources.bk(or at /usr/local/etc/sources.bk).

After having defined the sources file, you can invoke backup.sh using the following syntax:

$> sudo ./backup.sh --backup <SOURCES_FILE> <DEST> <ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD>

Where <SOURCES_FILE> is the sources file, <DEST> is the absolute path of the output of the backup without trailing slashes and <ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD> is the password to encrypt the compressed archive.

In the previous example, this would be:

$> sudo ./backup.sh --backup sources.bk /home/john badpw1234

The backup utility will begin to copy the files defined in the sources file:

Copying nginx(1/2)
Copying ssh(2/2)
Compressing backup...
Encrypting backup...
File name: /home/marco/backup-<HOSTNAME>-<YYYYMMDD>.tar.gz.enc
File size: 7336400696(6.9G)
File hash: 0e75ca393117f389d9e8edfea7106d98
Elapsed time: 259 seconds.

After that, you will find the final backup archive in /home/john/backup-<HOSTNAME>-<YYYYMMDD>.tar.gz.enc.

You can also use backup.sh from a crontab rule:

$> sudo crontab -e
30 03 * * 6 EKEY=$(cat /home/john/.ekey) bash -c '/usr/local/bin/backup.sh -b /usr/local/etc/sources.bk /home/john $EKEY' > /dev/null 2>&1

This will automatically run backup.sh every Saturday morning at 03:30 AM. In the example above, the encryption key is stored in a local file(with fixed permissions) to avoid password leaking in crontab logs. You can also adopt this practice while using the --extract option to avoid password leaking in shell history.

Backup extraction

backup.sh can also extract the encrypted backup archive using the following syntax:

$> ./backup.sh --extract <ENCRYPTED_ARCHIVE> <ARCHIVE_PASSWORD>

Where <ENCRYPTED_ARCHIVE> is the encrypted backup and <ARCHIVE_PASSWORD> is the backup password.

For instance:

$> ./backup.sh --extract backup-<hostname>-<YYYYMMDD>.tar.gz.enc badpw1234

This will create a new folder called backup.sh.tmp in your local directory. Be sure to rename any directory with that name to avoid collisions. From the previous example, you should have the following directories:

backup-nginx-<YYYYMMDD>
backup-ssh-<YYYYMMDD>

How does backup.sh work?

backup.sh uses rsync to copy the files, tar to compress the backup and gpg to encrypt it. By default, rsync is being used with the following parameters:

$> rsync -aPhrq --delete

That is:

- a: archive mode: rsync copies files recursively while preserving as much metadata as possible;  
- P: progress/partial: allows rsync to resume interrupted transfers and to shows progress information;  
- h: human readable output, rsync shows output numbers in a more readable way;  
- r: recursive mode: forces rsync to copy directories and their content;  
- q: quiet mode: reduces the amount of information rsync produces;  
- delete: delete mode: forces rsync to delete any extraneous files at the destination dir.

After that the backup folder is being encrypted using gpg. By default, it is used with the following parameters:

$> gpg -a \
        --symmetric \
        --cipher-algo=AES256 \
        --no-symkey-cache \
        --pinentry-mode=loopback \
        --batch --passphrase-fd 3 3<<< "$PASSWORD" \
        --output "$OUTPUT" \
        "$INPUT"

This command encrypts the backup using the AES-256 symmetric encryption algorithm with a 256bit key. Here is what each flag do:

• --symmetric: Use symmetric encryption;
• --cipher-algo=AES256: Use AES256 algorithm;
• --no-symkey-cache: Do not save password on GPG's cache;
• --pinentry-mode=loopback --batch: Do not prompt the user;
• --passphrase-fd 3 3<< "$PASSWORD": Read password without revealing it on ps;
• --output: Specify output file;
• $INPUT: Specify input file.

Unit tests

backup.sh provides some unit tests inside the tests.sh script. This script generates some dummy files inside the following directories:

• /var/log
• /var/www
• /etc/nginx
• /etc/ssh

For this reason, this script should NOT be used in non-testing environments. To run all tests, issue the following command:

$> sudo ./tests.sh I_HAVE_READ_THE_HELPER

License

This software is released under GPLv3, you can obtain a copy of this license by cloning this repository or by visiting this page.